Call to Action for Mental Health Services in Sustainable Development Goals
Importance of Social Determinants
In response to the United Nations’ endorsement of mental health services within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), several authors emphasize the need to address social determinants. The SDGs aim to enhance human development and create more favorable healthcare conditions by 2030. While this goal is ambitious, the focus on mental health support is equally vital.
Global Perspective on Mental Health
The United Nations now acknowledges that enhancing global mental health is as crucial as addressing physical health issues. A review published in The Lancet Psychiatry underscores the necessity of emphasizing social determinants in mental health. Research indicates that social factors significantly influence the emergence of mental disorders.
Key Social Determinants of Mental Health
Genetic and Environmental Triggers
Current consensus identifies two primary determinants for the development of mental illness: a genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Treating individuals is beneficial, but if they return to an environment that exacerbates their condition, the treatment may prove ineffective or even harmful. Therefore, it is critical to invest in social interventions that tackle global issues linked to mental health disorders.
Demographic Factors: Gender, Ethnicity, and Age
Research reveals connections between demographic factors such as gender, ethnicity, and age and the prevalence of mental disorders. Women are found to have higher rates of depression, eating disorders, and anxiety, while men may have a higher risk of mortality linked to suicide attempts. Age influences mental health, with older individuals being more vulnerable to depression. Conversely, appropriate interventions during youth can significantly improve outcomes. Additionally, certain racial minorities face elevated risks of developing depression, and migration can heighten the likelihood of severe mental disorders. Interventions aimed at reducing gender-based violence and racial discrimination may help mitigate these triggers.
Economic Factors: Income, Employment, and Housing
Evidence suggests that economic conditions are strongly correlated with mental health. Poverty consistently increases the prevalence of mental disorders across various countries, and income inequality is linked to a greater risk of schizophrenia. Conversely, stable employment can reduce the chances of depression and anxiety and improve the well-being of individuals with existing mental conditions. Proposed solutions include implementing basic income grants and enhancing employment opportunities.
Neighborhood and Cultural Factors
Social and cultural aspects of neighborhoods significantly impact mental health. Areas with lower socioeconomic status often present more risk factors and lack social support compared to wealthier neighborhoods. Exposure to violence and gang activity correlates with increased rates of depression and substance abuse. Education and family dynamics also play crucial roles, with lower educational attainment linked to higher instances of suicide and depression. Enhancing neighborhood safety, housing, and educational support could be effective strategies to reduce mental health issues.
Impact of Environmental Events and Disasters
Environmental disasters and conflicts profoundly affect mental health, leading to elevated rates of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Forced migration due to such events is associated with severe mental disorders. Strengthening social support networks and reducing violence are considered essential interventions in this domain.
Challenges and Considerations
While the proposed changes may significantly benefit society, their implementation can be challenging. Even minor adjustments could lead to improved mental health outcomes. However, many suggested interventions have not undergone rigorous testing, highlighting the need for further research.
Additionally, distinguishing between social causation and social drift remains complex. It is often unclear whether societal conditions trigger mental disorders or if mental disorders lead to social decline. Regardless of the causal relationship, implementing protective strategies will benefit individuals facing mental health challenges.
Reference
Lund, Crick, et al. “Social Determinants of Mental Disorders and the Sustainable Development Goals: a Systematic Review of Reviews.” The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 5, no. 4, 2018, pp. 357–369., doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30060-9.