Research on Apple Polyphenol Extract and Arterial Health
Study Overview
Researchers in Finland investigated the potential benefits of an apple polyphenol extract on arterial health among 60 volunteers with mildly elevated blood pressure. Atherosclerosis, characterized by the accumulation of fatty materials within arterial walls, can lead to serious health issues, including angina, heart attack, or stroke. The condition often develops silently from childhood, making it crucial to understand its risk factors and preventive measures.
Atherosclerosis and Its Risk Factors
Atherosclerosis involves the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to fibrous deposits that reduce their elasticity. Key to maintaining arterial health are the endothelial cells lining the arteries. Damage to these cells can trigger atherosclerotic changes. Various risk factors contribute to this condition, including hypertension, smoking, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Adopting a healthy lifestyle is essential for reducing these risks.
Potential of Dietary Supplements
Interest has grown around dietary supplements that may enhance arterial health. Studies have shown that epicatechin, a type of flavonoid, can have protective effects on the heart. Additionally, clinical trials indicate that cocoa, rich in flavanols and catechins, positively influences endothelial cell function. This study aimed to assess how an apple polyphenol extract high in epicatechin affects endothelial function in individuals with mild hypertension.
Study Design and Methodology
The study involved 60 healthy volunteers with mild hypertension, who were randomly assigned to receive either a daily capsule of the apple polyphenol extract or a placebo for four weeks. Following a four-week washout period, participants switched groups for another four weeks. Endothelial function was evaluated at both the beginning and conclusion of each treatment phase.
Flow-Mediated Vasodilation (FMD) Testing
To assess endothelial health, the researchers employed a technique known as flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). This ultrasound-based method measures blood vessel dilation in the brachial artery after inflation and subsequent release of a blood pressure cuff. The FMD results provided insights into the effects of the apple polyphenol extract on endothelial function.
Results of the Study
The study found a significant immediate improvement in FMD of the brachial artery after consumption of the apple polyphenol extract during treatment visits. However, this improvement was not statistically significant when compared to the placebo group. Overall, the long-term effects of the apple polyphenol extract on FMD did not differ from those of the placebo.
Conclusion and Future Directions
The researchers concluded that while there was an observable immediate improvement in FMD after the apple polyphenol extract intake, it was not significantly better than the placebo. An unexpected positive effect on FMD measurements was noted in the placebo group. Given the large variability in FMD results, some participants exhibited normal readings despite having mild hypertension. Future studies with larger sample sizes may be necessary to identify any significant effects, and additional research should take this variability into account.
Reference
Saarenhovi M, Salo P, Scheinen M, et al. The effect of an apple polyphenol extract rich in epicatechin and flavan-3-ol oligomers on brachial artery flow mediated vasodilatory function in volunteers with elevated blood pressure. Nutrition Journal (2017) 16:73. DOI 10.1186/s12937-017-0291-0.