Impact of Low Muscle Mass on Health Outcomes
Introduction to Body Mass Index (BMI)
A recent review article published in the Annals of Medicine explores the various implications of low muscle mass on health outcomes. Body mass index, commonly known as BMI, is calculated based on an individual’s height and weight to provide a general estimate of body fatness and overall health. However, this metric does not differentiate between lean and fat mass, leading to a generalized interpretation that a higher BMI equates to increased body fat. Consequently, BMI fails to effectively identify individuals with low muscle mass.
Low Muscle Mass as a Health Predictor
Low muscle mass has been identified as a significant predictor of disease and mortality. The review article authored by a team of Canadian and American scientists examines how low muscle mass impacts health outcomes. The authors initiate their discussion by addressing the various methods available for measuring body composition. Techniques such as computerized tomography, X-rays, and bioelectrical impedance are utilized, although these methods cannot be directly compared. Nevertheless, experts have established specific cut-off points for each technique to define low muscle mass. Importantly, individuals of all sizes can experience low muscle mass, which may go unrecognized when relying solely on BMI.
Review of Relevant Studies
The authors reviewed 143 pertinent studies conducted in the past year, discussing their findings in relation to patient health outcomes. Current literature indicates that patients with low muscle mass experience poorer health conditions following hospitalization and surgical procedures. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between muscle mass and patient survival rates during surgery, with most indicating that increased muscle mass correlates with improved survival rates.
Post-operative Complications and Associated Health Risks
Individuals with low muscle mass are also at a heightened risk for post-operative complications. This condition has been linked to adverse outcomes in several health issues, including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and liver diseases.
Challenges in Measuring Muscle Mass
The authors emphasize that assessing muscle mass is not commonly available in clinical settings, leading to an under-recognition of the effects of low muscle mass. The evidence presented in the study underscores the serious implications of low muscle mass, as it contributes to a broad spectrum of diseases. By raising awareness of this issue, the authors aim to promote dietary and exercise interventions that could help mitigate the risks associated with low muscle mass.
Conclusion
This review highlights the critical need for improved recognition and assessment of muscle mass in healthcare. By addressing low muscle mass, healthcare providers can better support patient outcomes through appropriate interventions.
Written by Branson Chen, BHSc
Reference: Prado CM, Purcell SA, Alish C, Pereira SL, Deutz NE, Heyland DK, Goodpaster BH, Tappenden KA, Heymsfield SB. Implications of low muscle mass across the continuum of care: a narrative review. Annals of Medicine. 2018 Sep 5:1-9.